A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Positive Psychology Therapy and the Family Empowerment Model Based on Self-Compassion on Self-Care and Glycated Hemoglobin in Female Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Keywords:
Self-care, type 2 diabetes, positive treatment, self-compassion-based family empowerment model, glycosylated hemoglobinAbstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of positive psychology therapy and the family empowerment model based on self-compassion on self-care and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in female patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methodology: This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design with a control group. A total of 45 women with type 2 diabetes who visited the endocrinology department of Shahid Dr. Labbafinejad Hospital in Tehran between May and July 2024 were selected using random sampling. The participants were then randomly assigned via Microsoft Excel to two experimental groups—positive psychology therapy (n = 15) and the family empowerment model based on self-compassion (n = 15)—and one control group (n = 15), which received routine hospital treatment. Data collection tools included the Diabetes Self-Care Questionnaire and glycated hemoglobin measurements, assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and a three-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using multivariate repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS version 21.
Findings: Findings indicated no significant differences between the three groups at the pre-test stage, suggesting group homogeneity. However, the post-test results revealed significant differences among the three groups, indicating the effectiveness of both the positive psychology therapy and the family empowerment model based on self-compassion. Furthermore, follow-up comparisons also showed significant differences, suggesting the sustained effectiveness of both interventions. Multivariate repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant effects of positive psychology therapy on dimensions of self-care and HbA1c levels (P < .001). Additionally, a significant difference was found between the two experimental groups in both post-test and follow-up phases, with mean comparisons favoring the family empowerment model based on self-compassion over positive psychology therapy.
Conclusion: The results suggest that the family empowerment model based on self-compassion can be effective in improving self-care and reducing glycated hemoglobin levels in women with type 2 diabetes.
Downloads
References
Akbari, B., & Kiamarsi, A. (2023). Effectiveness of Positive Psychotherapy on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure and Psychological Well-Being of Women with Hypertension: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, 22(9), 999-1014. https://doi.org/10.61186/jrums.22.9.999
Andayani, L. A. (2021). Meta-Analysis Study: Positive Psychotherapy To Lower Depression Levels. International Journal of Social Service and Research, 1(2), 112-117. https://doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v1i2.25
Assarzadegan, M., & Raeisi, Z. (2019). The Effectiveness of Training Based on Positive-Psychology on Quality of life and Happiness of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY, 8(30), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.30473/hpj.2019.40538.4025
Ballon, A., Neuenschwander, M., & Schlesinger, S. (2019). Breakfast skipping is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes among adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. The Journal of nutrition, 149(1), 106-113. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy194
Banitalebi, E., Kazemi, A., Faramarzi, M., Nasiri, S., & Haghighi, M. M. (2019). Effects of sprint interval or combined aerobic and resistance training on myokines in overweight women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Life Sciences, 217, 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.11.062
Bolier, L., Haverman, M., Westerhof, G. J., Riper, H., Smit, F., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2013). Positive psychology interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC public health, 13(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-119
Boumparis, N., Karyotaki, E., Kleiboer, A., Hofmann, S. G., & Cuijpers, P. (2016). The effect of psychotherapeutic interventions on positive and negative affect in depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of affective disorders, 202, 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.019
Carr, A., Finneran, L., Boyd, C., Shirey, C., Canning, C., Stafford, O., Lyons, J., Cullen, K., Prendergast, C., Corbett, C., & Drumm, C. (2024). The evidence-base for positive psychology interventions: A mega-analysis of meta-analyses. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 19(2), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2023.2168564
Choi, H., Shin, S., & Lee, G. (2023). Effects of Positive Psychotherapy for People with Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 44(3), 180-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2023.2174218
Dennison, R. A., Ward, R. J., Griffin, S. J., & Usher‐Smith, J. A. (2019). Women's views on lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: a systematic review, qualitative synthesis and recommendations for practice. Diabetic Medicine, 36(6), 702-717. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13926
Dobiała, E., & Winkler, P. (2016). Positive psychotherapy according to Seligman and 'Positive Psychotherapy' according to Peseschkian: A Comparison. International Journal of Psychotherapy, 20(3), 3. https://positum.ro/wp-content/uploads/1611-IJP_2016_20_3_Ewa-DOBIALA_Peter-WINKLER.pdf
Gadgil, M. D., Oza‐Frank, R., Kandula, N. R., & Kanaya, A. M. (2017). Type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes mellitus in South Asian women in the United States. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 33(5), e2891. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2891
Hayden, M. R., Grant, D. G., Aroor, A. R., & DeMarco, V. G. (2019). Empagliflozin ameliorates type 2 diabetes-induced ultrastructural remodeling of the neurovascular unit and neuroglia in the female db/db mouse. Brain Sciences, 9(3), 57. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9030057
Hendriks, T., Schotanus-Dijkstra, M., Hassankhan, A., De Jong, J., & Bohlmeijer, E. (2020). The efficacy of multi-component positive psychology interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21, 357-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00082-1
Heydari, M., Nouri, M., & Niaei, A. M. (2023). The Effectiveness of Group Positive Psychotherapy on Psychological Well-being and Hope of Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy. Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health. https://doi.org/10.18502/jsbch.v7i1.12798
Hoppen, T. H., & Morina, N. (2021). Efficacy of positive psychotherapy in reducing negative and enhancing positive psychological outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ open, 11(9), e046017. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046017
Jang, J. E., Cho, Y., Lee, B. W., Shin, E. S., & Lee, S. H. (2019). Effectiveness of exercise intervention in reducing body weight and glycosylated hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Korea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, 43(3), 302-318. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0062
Jankowski, P. J., Sandage, S. J., Bell, C. A., Davis, D. E., Porter, E., Jessen, M., Motzny, C. L., Ross, K. V., & Owen, J. (2020). Virtue, flourishing, and positive psychology in psychotherapy: An overview and research prospectus. Psychotherapy, 57(3), 291. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000285
Kav, S., Yilmaz, A. A., Bulut, Y., & Dogan, N. (2017). Self-efficacy, depression and self-care activities of people with type 2 diabetes in Turkey. Collegian, 24(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2015.09.005
Moghadam, F. H., Abadi, H. J., & Fardin, M. (2023). Effectiveness of positive psychotherapy training on thought control and emotional adjustment of 17-15-year-old female students recovered from the Corona Pandemic (Covid-19). Journal of Adolescent and Youth Psychological Studies (JAYPS), 4(5), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jayps.4.5.5
Peseschkian, H., & Remmers, A. (2020). Positive psychotherapy: an introduction Positive Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychology: Clinical Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33264-8_2
Rådholm, K., Zhou, Z., Clemens, K., Neal, B., & Woodward, M. (2020). Effects of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes in women versus men. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 22(2), 263-266. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13876
Razavizadeh Tabadkan, B. B. Z., & Jajarmi, M. (2019). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) on Depression, Rumination and Perceived Stress in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. JNKUMS, 11(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.52547/nkums.11.1.1
Seshadri, A., Orth, S. S., Adaji, A., Singh, B., Clark, M. M., Frye, M. A., McGillivray, J., & Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M. (2021). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and positive psychotherapy for major depression. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 74(1), 4-12. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200006
Suweni, K., Maay, J. K., Arifin, S. R., & Yousuf, A. (2023). Application of group positive psychotherapy to improve psychological well-being for people with HIV in Papua. Bali Medical Journal, 12(1), 261-266. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i1.3960
Tan, C. C., Cheng, K. K., Sum, C. F., Shew, J. S., Holydard, E., & Wenru, W. A. (2018). Perceptions of diabetes self-care management among older Singaporeans with type 2 diabetes: A qualitative study. Journal of Nursing Research, 26(4), 242-249. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000226
Tol, A., Baghbanian, A., Mohebbi, B., Shojaeizadeh, D., Azam, K., Shahmirzadi, S. E., & Asfia, A. (2013). Empowerment assessment and influential factors among patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 12(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2251-6581-12-6
Walsh, S., Cassidy, M., & Priebe, S. (2017). The application of positive psychotherapy in mental health care: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 638-651. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22368
Wang, L., Li, T., Liu, J., Wu, X., Wang, H., Li, X., Xu, E., Chen, Q., Yan, C., Li, H., & Xu, Y. (2019). Association between glycosylated hemoglobin A1c and bone biochemical markers in type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 19(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0357-4
Downloads
Published
Submitted
Revised
Accepted
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 زینب آویش, فریبرز درتاج, فاطمه قائمی, نورعلی فرخی (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
