Analyzing the Importance of Mood Disorders in Hard-of-Hearing Students in Special Education Using Machine Learning
Keywords:
Hard-of-hearing students, Mood disorders, Special education, Machine learning, Academic risk predictionAbstract
Objective: This study aims to analyze the importance of mood disorders in predicting educational outcomes of hard-of-hearing students in Tehran’s special education system using machine learning algorithms. Methodology: This quantitative analytical study was conducted on 210 hard-of-hearing students enrolled in special education schools in Tehran. Data were collected using standardized measures of depression, anxiety, mood instability, social withdrawal, teacher-reported emotional problems, and academic performance indicators. After data preprocessing, four machine learning algorithms—Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Multilayer Perceptron—were implemented and evaluated using accuracy, sensitivity, F1-score, and AUC. Findings: The Random Forest model achieved the highest predictive performance in identifying students at risk of mood-related academic decline (Accuracy=0.88, AUC=0.93). Feature importance analysis indicated that depression, anxiety, and mood instability were the strongest predictors of educational risk, exceeding the influence of hearing loss severity.
Conclusion: Mood disorders constitute the primary determinant of educational vulnerability in hard-of-hearing students, and machine learning models provide a powerful framework for early risk detection and targeted educational and psychological interventions.
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References
Abayeva, G. A. (2021). On the Use of Sign Language in Teaching Hearing-Impaired Children. Bulletin Series of Pedagogical Sciences, 71(3), 168-179. https://doi.org/10.51889/2021-3.1728-5496.17
Ariapooran, S., Khezeli, M., & Ahadi, B. (2021). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Depression in Iranian Adolescents With and Without Hearing Loss (HL) in Previous and During the Outbreak of the COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-252257/v1
Barasheva, O. G. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Physical Fitness of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Shooters at the Initial Stage of Sports Training. Tambov University Review Series Humanities(6), 1552-1559. https://doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-6-1552-1559
Haile, T. G., Kamenov, K., Briant, P. S., Orji, A. U., Steinmetz, J. D., Abdoli, A., Abdollahı, M., Abu‐Gharbieh, E., Afshin, A., Ahmed, H., Rashid, T. A., Akalu, Y., Alahdab, F., Alanezi, F., Alanzi, T. M., Hamad, H. A., Ali, L., Alipour, V., Al‐Raddadi, R., . . . Chadha, S. (2021). Hearing Loss Prevalence and Years Lived With Disability, 1990–2019: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The lancet, 397(10278), 996-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00516-x
Hammad, M. A., Al-Otaibi, M. N., & Awed, H. S. (2024). Child Maltreatment Among Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Adolescent Students: Associations With Depression and Anxiety. Frontiers in psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1287741
Hernawati, T., Rusyani, E., Wibowo, S. W., & Herawati, N. I. (2023). Instrument to Assess the Perception of Sound and Rhythm for Children With Hearing Impairment. Journal of Icsar, 7(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.17977/um005v7i12023p115
Istiqomah, F., Prasetyoningsih, L. S. A., Ambarwati, A., & Wahyuni, S. (2023). Positive Effects of SIBI Alphabet Cards on Increasing Vocabulary Acquisition in Children With Special Needs Deaf. Al-Ishlah Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(3), 3287-3294. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.2594
Karić, J., & Kordić, M. (2023). The Problem of Peer Violence Among Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science Engineering and Education, 11(2), 321-329. https://doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2023-11-2-321-329
Krasilnikova, O. A., Lukina, A. S., Chizh, O. A., & Kireenkova, E. E. (2021). Possibilities of Using Interactive Resources in Special Education Degree Programmes. Science for Education Today, 11(2), 155-171. https://doi.org/10.15293/2658-6762.2102.07
Kulhade, P. K., & Kumar, A. (2022). Challenges Faced by Students With Hearing Impairment in an Inclusive Setup (Special Reference to Jaipur, Rajasthan). Towards Excellence, 1995-2005. https://doi.org/10.37867/te1402167
Kupisiewicz, M. (2023). Is the Existence of Special Schools for Deaf Students Threatened? Selected Aspects of International Research in the Field of Surdopedagogy. Studia Z Teorii Wychowania, XIV(3 (44)), 211-233. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9205
Məmmədova, L. (2024). Organization of Work on Education Forms of Children With Hearing Impairments. Sw, 91(3), 181-185. https://doi.org/10.69682/azrt.2024.91(3).181-185
Moraes, R. R. d., Lopes, J. V. A., & Alves, L. C. (2025). Estimating Depression-Free Life Expectancy in the Hearing-Impaired Population in Brazil. Revista Brasileira De Estudos De População, 42. https://doi.org/10.20947/s0102-3098a0292
Mostovyi, L. (2024). Important Aspects of the Work of a Educator of the Deaf in the System of General Secandary Education. Actual Problems of the Correctional Education (Pedagogical Sciences), 24, 129-140. https://doi.org/10.32626/2413-2578.2024-24.129-140
Nikolaeva, T. V., & Shustova, S. A. (2025). Special Conditions for Teaching the Subject “Physics” to Students With Hearing Impairment. Vestnik of Minin University, 13(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.26795/2307-1281-2025-13-1-8
Rodrigues, F. M., Rato, J. R., Mineiro, A., & Holmström, I. (2022). Unveiling Teachers’ Beliefs on Visual Cognition and Learning Styles of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students: A Portuguese-Swedish Study. PLoS One, 17(2), e0263216. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263216
Ryzhkin, N., Ivanova, A., Savchenko, Y., Polin, R., & Korobov, I. A. (2021). Pathologies of the Hearing Aid Under the Influence of Global Climate Change and Ecology. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 937(2), 022017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/2/022017
Scherer, N., Smythe, T., Hussein, R., Wapling, L., Hameed, S., Eaton, J., Kabaja, N., Kakuma, R., & Polack, S. (2023). Communication, Inclusion and Psychological Wellbeing Among Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children: A Qualitative Study in the Gaza Strip. Plos Global Public Health, 3(6), e0001635. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001635
Siswono, H., Cahyono, A. E., & Zusfindhana, I. H. (2023). Designing Instructional Media for Deaf and Blind Students : Promoting Inclusivity and Equity. Jurnal Kependidikan Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Dan Kajian Kepustakaan Di Bidang Pendidikan Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran, 9(4), 1133. https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v9i4.8993
Syamsuddin, S., Pristiwaluyo, T., Saleh, W. A., & Zulfitrah, Z. (2023). Development of Indonesian Sign Language System (SIBI) Dictionary Application for Students With Special Needs. Al-Ishlah Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(3), 3132-3143. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.3529
Tyurina, A., & Ivanov, D. (2023). Hard of Hearing Children Mental Development Brought Up in Families of Hearing Parents. Bulletin of Science and Practice(8), 220-228. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/93/23
Коваленко, В., Syniov, V., Peretiaha, L., & Halii, A. (2021). The Current State of Involvement of Children With Special Educational Needs in Out-of-School Education in Ukraine. Revista Amazonia Investiga, 10(42), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.4
Abayeva, G. A. (2021). On the Use of Sign Language in Teaching Hearing-Impaired Children. Bulletin Series of Pedagogical Sciences, 71(3), 168-179. https://doi.org/10.51889/2021-3.1728-5496.17
Ariapooran, S., Khezeli, M., & Ahadi, B. (2021). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Depression in Iranian Adolescents With and Without Hearing Loss (HL) in Previous and During the Outbreak of the COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-252257/v1
Barasheva, O. G. (2022). Comparative Analysis of Physical Fitness of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Shooters at the Initial Stage of Sports Training. Tambov University Review Series Humanities(6), 1552-1559. https://doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-6-1552-1559
Haile, T. G., Kamenov, K., Briant, P. S., Orji, A. U., Steinmetz, J. D., Abdoli, A., Abdollahı, M., Abu‐Gharbieh, E., Afshin, A., Ahmed, H., Rashid, T. A., Akalu, Y., Alahdab, F., Alanezi, F., Alanzi, T. M., Hamad, H. A., Ali, L., Alipour, V., Al‐Raddadi, R., . . . Chadha, S. (2021). Hearing Loss Prevalence and Years Lived With Disability, 1990–2019: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The lancet, 397(10278), 996-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00516-x
Hammad, M. A., Al-Otaibi, M. N., & Awed, H. S. (2024). Child Maltreatment Among Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Adolescent Students: Associations With Depression and Anxiety. Frontiers in psychology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1287741
Hernawati, T., Rusyani, E., Wibowo, S. W., & Herawati, N. I. (2023). Instrument to Assess the Perception of Sound and Rhythm for Children With Hearing Impairment. Journal of Icsar, 7(1), 115. https://doi.org/10.17977/um005v7i12023p115
Istiqomah, F., Prasetyoningsih, L. S. A., Ambarwati, A., & Wahyuni, S. (2023). Positive Effects of SIBI Alphabet Cards on Increasing Vocabulary Acquisition in Children With Special Needs Deaf. Al-Ishlah Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(3), 3287-3294. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.2594
Karić, J., & Kordić, M. (2023). The Problem of Peer Violence Among Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science Engineering and Education, 11(2), 321-329. https://doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2023-11-2-321-329
Krasilnikova, O. A., Lukina, A. S., Chizh, O. A., & Kireenkova, E. E. (2021). Possibilities of Using Interactive Resources in Special Education Degree Programmes. Science for Education Today, 11(2), 155-171. https://doi.org/10.15293/2658-6762.2102.07
Kulhade, P. K., & Kumar, A. (2022). Challenges Faced by Students With Hearing Impairment in an Inclusive Setup (Special Reference to Jaipur, Rajasthan). Towards Excellence, 1995-2005. https://doi.org/10.37867/te1402167
Kupisiewicz, M. (2023). Is the Existence of Special Schools for Deaf Students Threatened? Selected Aspects of International Research in the Field of Surdopedagogy. Studia Z Teorii Wychowania, XIV(3 (44)), 211-233. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9205
Məmmədova, L. (2024). Organization of Work on Education Forms of Children With Hearing Impairments. Sw, 91(3), 181-185. https://doi.org/10.69682/azrt.2024.91(3).181-185
Moraes, R. R. d., Lopes, J. V. A., & Alves, L. C. (2025). Estimating Depression-Free Life Expectancy in the Hearing-Impaired Population in Brazil. Revista Brasileira De Estudos De População, 42. https://doi.org/10.20947/s0102-3098a0292
Mostovyi, L. (2024). Important Aspects of the Work of a Educator of the Deaf in the System of General Secandary Education. Actual Problems of the Correctional Education (Pedagogical Sciences), 24, 129-140. https://doi.org/10.32626/2413-2578.2024-24.129-140
Nikolaeva, T. V., & Shustova, S. A. (2025). Special Conditions for Teaching the Subject “Physics” to Students With Hearing Impairment. Vestnik of Minin University, 13(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.26795/2307-1281-2025-13-1-8
Rodrigues, F. M., Rato, J. R., Mineiro, A., & Holmström, I. (2022). Unveiling Teachers’ Beliefs on Visual Cognition and Learning Styles of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students: A Portuguese-Swedish Study. PLoS One, 17(2), e0263216. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263216
Ryzhkin, N., Ivanova, A., Savchenko, Y., Polin, R., & Korobov, I. A. (2021). Pathologies of the Hearing Aid Under the Influence of Global Climate Change and Ecology. Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science, 937(2), 022017. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/2/022017
Scherer, N., Smythe, T., Hussein, R., Wapling, L., Hameed, S., Eaton, J., Kabaja, N., Kakuma, R., & Polack, S. (2023). Communication, Inclusion and Psychological Wellbeing Among Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children: A Qualitative Study in the Gaza Strip. Plos Global Public Health, 3(6), e0001635. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001635
Siswono, H., Cahyono, A. E., & Zusfindhana, I. H. (2023). Designing Instructional Media for Deaf and Blind Students : Promoting Inclusivity and Equity. Jurnal Kependidikan Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Dan Kajian Kepustakaan Di Bidang Pendidikan Pengajaran Dan Pembelajaran, 9(4), 1133. https://doi.org/10.33394/jk.v9i4.8993
Syamsuddin, S., Pristiwaluyo, T., Saleh, W. A., & Zulfitrah, Z. (2023). Development of Indonesian Sign Language System (SIBI) Dictionary Application for Students With Special Needs. Al-Ishlah Jurnal Pendidikan, 15(3), 3132-3143. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.3529
Tyurina, A., & Ivanov, D. (2023). Hard of Hearing Children Mental Development Brought Up in Families of Hearing Parents. Bulletin of Science and Practice(8), 220-228. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/93/23
Коваленко, В., Syniov, V., Peretiaha, L., & Halii, A. (2021). The Current State of Involvement of Children With Special Educational Needs in Out-of-School Education in Ukraine. Revista Amazonia Investiga, 10(42), 31-42. https://doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.4
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Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Aghaziarati, Hasan Rahimi (Author)
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