Iranian Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Editor-in-Chief: Ali Taghvaei Nia Owner: Ravan-Nama Intelligence and Talent Institute Publisher: Maher Institute Inc Contact mail: jndd2010@gmail.com Open access: Yes Peer-review: Yes Article Processing Charges: Free The Iranian Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (IJND) is a premier, peer-reviewed, open-access journal that serves as a crucial resource for researchers, clinicians, and professionals involved in the study and treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders. Established to promote the exchange of significant and innovative research findings, IJND is committed to advancing the scientific understanding of neurodevelopmental disorders and improving the lives of individuals affected by these conditions. By providing a platform for high-quality research, the journal aims to foster a deeper comprehension of the complexities of neurodevelopmental disorders and to support the development of effective interventions and policies. IJND is proudly published by Maher: Iranian Association for Intelligence and Talent Studies. Neurodevelopmental disorders encompass a broad range of conditions that arise during the developmental period and impact cognitive, motor, social, and emotional functioning. These disorders include, but are not limited to, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual disability, and specific learning disorders. Given the profound impact these disorders can have on individuals, families, and communities, IJND is dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research that addresses the multifaceted nature of neurodevelopmental disorders. Aims The primary aims of IJND are to: Promote High-Quality Research: IJND seeks to disseminate original research that contributes significantly to the field of neurodevelopmental disorders. We aim to publish studies that enhance our understanding of these disorders and pave the way for new therapeutic approaches and interventions. Encourage Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Recognizing the complexity of neurodevelopmental disorders, IJND encourages collaboration among researchers, clinicians, educators, and policymakers from various disciplines. By fostering interdisciplinary dialogue, the journal aims to integrate diverse perspectives and expertise to address the challenges associated with these disorders. Enhance Knowledge and Awareness: IJND aims to raise awareness about neurodevelopmental disorders and their impact on individuals and society. By publishing accessible and informative articles, the journal seeks to educate a broad audience, including researchers, practitioners, and the general public. Support Evidence-Based Practices: IJND is committed to promoting evidence-based practices in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of neurodevelopmental disorders. The journal publishes research that evaluates the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions, contributing to the development of best practices in the field. Influence Policy and Practice: Through the dissemination of high-quality research, IJND aims to influence policy and practice related to neurodevelopmental disorders. The journal seeks to inform decision-makers and stakeholders about the latest scientific findings and their implications for public health and education. Scopes The scopes of IJND encompass a wide range of topics related to neurodevelopmental disorders, including but not limited to: Etiology and Epidemiology: Research on the genetic, environmental, and neurological factors that contribute to the development of neurodevelopmental disorders. Epidemiological studies that provide insights into the prevalence, incidence, and risk factors associated with these conditions. Diagnostic Tools and Methods: Development and validation of diagnostic criteria, tools, and methods for identifying neurodevelopmental disorders. Studies that explore the accuracy, reliability, and validity of assessment instruments. Innovative Therapeutic and Intervention Strategies: Research on novel therapeutic approaches and intervention strategies aimed at improving the outcomes of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. This includes pharmacological, behavioral, educational, and technological interventions. Behavioral and Cognitive Studies: Studies that investigate the behavioral and cognitive characteristics of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Research on the development and functioning of cognitive processes such as attention, memory, language, and executive functions. Impact on Individuals and Families: Research on the psychosocial impact of neurodevelopmental disorders on affected individuals and their families. Studies that explore quality of life, coping strategies, and support systems. Policy and Ethical Issues: Examination of policy issues related to the diagnosis, treatment, and support of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Ethical considerations in research and practice, including consent, confidentiality, and access to services. Reviews and Meta-Analyses: Comprehensive reviews and meta-analyses that synthesize existing research and provide a clear overview of the current state of knowledge in the field of neurodevelopmental disorders.
The Impact of Childhood Maltreatment on Aggression in Elementary School Students: The Mediating Role of Callous-Unemotional Traits and Self-Control
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of childhood maltreatment on aggression among elementary school students with the mediating roles of callous-unemotional traits and self-control. Methods and Materials: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of methodology. The statistical population consisted of male and female lower secondary school students in Lahijan during 2025, from whom 359 participants were selected using the Krejcie and Morgan table and stratified random sampling. Data were collected using the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) developed by Arnold H. Buss and Mark Perry (1992), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire developed by David P. Bernstein et al. (2003), the Callous-Unemotional Traits Scale developed by Paul J. Frick et al. (2006), and the Self-Control Scale developed by June P. Tangney et al. (2004). Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach using SmartPLS software at a 95% confidence level. Findings: The findings demonstrated that childhood maltreatment had a significant positive effect on aggression (β = 0.485, t = 8.390) and callous-unemotional traits (β = 0.587, t = 15.096), while it had a significant negative effect on self-control (β = -0.630, t = 18.692). In addition, callous-unemotional traits positively predicted aggression (β = 0.267, t = 4.970), whereas self-control negatively predicted aggression (β = -0.214, t = 4.262). The bootstrapping results further indicated that callous-unemotional traits and self-control significantly mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and aggression. The structural model also demonstrated satisfactory fit and predictive power (GOF = 0.392). Conclusion: The findings suggest that childhood maltreatment contributes to aggressive behavior among students both directly and indirectly through emotional and self-regulatory mechanisms. Specifically, exposure to maltreatment increases callous-unemotional traits and reduces self-control, which subsequently intensify aggressive tendencies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roujina Fathi Hashroudi (Author); Samira Pali (Corresponding author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Social Anxiety and Emotional Regulation in Adolescents of Divorced Families
Purpose: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on social anxiety and emotional regulation among adolescents from divorced families. Methods and Materials: The present research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest format and a control group. The statistical population consisted of adolescents from divorced families who referred to psychological counseling centers in Tehran in 2026. Using convenience sampling, 30 participants were selected and randomly assigned into an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). Data collection instruments included the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. The experimental group received eight 2-hour sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, whereas the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) through SPSS software. Findings: The findings revealed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy had a significant effect on reducing social anxiety among adolescents from divorced families (F = 46.68, p < 0.001, η² = 0.61). In addition, the intervention significantly improved emotional regulation in the experimental group compared with the control group (F = 28.32, p < 0.001, η² = 0.67). The results indicated that after controlling for pretest scores, the differences between the experimental and control groups in posttest scores were statistically significant, demonstrating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on both dependent variables. Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggest that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is an effective psychological intervention for reducing social anxiety and improving emotional regulation among adolescents from divorced families. By enhancing self-awareness, emotional acceptance, and adaptive coping strategies, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy may contribute to better psychological adjustment and emotional functioning in vulnerable adolescents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mobina Arab , Leila Abolfathi Doyran (Author); Masoumeh Oboori (Corresponding author); Maedeh Rajabi , Azita Khaefi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Logotherapy and Group Compassion-Focused Therapy on Distress Tolerance in Patients Undergoing Knee Joint Surgery with a Three-Month Follow-Up
Purpose: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of logotherapy and group compassion-focused therapy on distress tolerance among patients undergoing knee joint surgery with a three-month follow-up period. Methods and Materials: This study employed a quantitative quasi-experimental design using a pretest–posttest and follow-up format with a non-equivalent control group. The statistical population included all patients undergoing knee joint surgery who referred to treatment clinics in Semnan during the second half of 2024. Based on G*Power analysis, 45 participants were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: logotherapy (n = 15), compassion-focused therapy (n = 15), and control (n = 15). Data were collected using the Distress Tolerance Scale developed by Simmons and Gaher (2005). The experimental groups participated in eight weekly sessions of logotherapy based on the approach of Viktor Frankl (1978) and compassion-focused therapy based on the model of Kristin Neff and Christopher Germer (2016). Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post hoc tests in SPSS-26. Findings: The findings revealed that both logotherapy and group compassion-focused therapy significantly improved distress tolerance compared with the control group at posttest and follow-up stages (p < .05). Analysis of covariance demonstrated a significant effect of group membership on distress tolerance at posttest (F = 72.03, p < .001, η² = .735) and follow-up (F = 71.116, p < .001, η² = .752). Bonferroni post hoc comparisons further indicated that the logotherapy group achieved significantly higher distress tolerance scores than the compassion-focused therapy and control groups, while the compassion-focused therapy group also outperformed the control group. The intervention effects remained stable during the three-month follow-up period. Conclusion: The findings suggest that both logotherapy and compassion-focused therapy are effective psychological interventions for improving distress tolerance among patients undergoing knee joint surgery.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maryam Arab (Author); Azita Amirfakhraei (Corresponding author); Eghbal Zarei (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparing the Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Compassion-Focused Therapy on Psychological Well-Being in Mothers of Children with Educable Intellectual Disability
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness and durability of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Compassion-Focused Therapy on psychological well-being in mothers of children with educable intellectual disability. Methods and Materials: The study employed a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design with a follow-up stage and included two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population consisted of mothers of students with educable intellectual disability in Lordegan during the 2024–2025 academic year. Using purposive sampling, 45 eligible mothers were selected and randomly assigned to three groups: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Compassion-Focused Therapy, and control, with 15 participants in each group. The first experimental group received nine weekly 90-minute sessions of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and the second experimental group received eight weekly 90-minute sessions of Compassion-Focused Therapy. The control group remained on a waiting list. Data were collected using Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Scale at pretest, posttest, and follow-up. Data were analyzed using mixed-design repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc test in SPSS version 24. Findings: The results showed a significant main effect of time on psychological well-being, F = 29.60, p = .0001, η² = .413. The interaction effect of time and group was also significant, F = 16.15, p = .0001, η² = .435, indicating that changes in psychological well-being differed significantly across groups. The between-group effect was significant as well, F = 3.96, p = .027, η² = .159. Bonferroni comparisons showed significant differences between Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Compassion-Focused Therapy, between Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and control, and between Compassion-Focused Therapy and control. The posttest–follow-up difference was not significant, indicating stability of treatment effects. Conclusion: Both interventions significantly improved psychological well-being in mothers of children with educable intellectual disability, but Acceptance and Commitment Therapy demonstrated greater effectiveness than Compassion-Focused Therapy, and the therapeutic gains remained stable at follow-up.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jamileh Gholami Tolmarani (Author); Tayebeh Sharifi (Corresponding author); Fariba Kiani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Mindfulness Training on Distress Tolerance in Art Students at Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness training on distress tolerance among art students at Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch. Methods and Materials: The present study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest structure and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all art students at Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, during the 2026 academic year. The research sample included 30 students selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned into an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). Data were collected using the Distress Tolerance Scale developed by Simmons and Gaher (2005), which measures tolerance, absorption, appraisal, and regulation components of distress tolerance. The experimental group participated in a 10-session mindfulness training program, while the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with IBM SPSS software. Findings: The results of the multivariate analysis of covariance demonstrated that mindfulness training significantly improved distress tolerance and its components among students in the experimental group compared with the control group. Significant differences were observed between the two groups in tolerance (F = 6.348, p < .01), absorption (F = 5.995, p < .01), appraisal (F = 4.275, p < .01), regulation (F = 3.430, p < .01), and total distress tolerance (F = 2.540, p < .01). The overall group effect was also statistically significant (F = 6.578, p < .01), indicating that mindfulness training effectively enhanced students’ capacity to tolerate and regulate emotional distress. Conclusion: The findings suggest that mindfulness training plays a significant role in improving distress tolerance among university students by enhancing emotional awareness, cognitive appraisal, emotional regulation, and adaptive coping abilities. Therefore, mindfulness-based interventions may serve as effective psychological approaches for promoting emotional resilience and psychological well-being among art students and other student populations experiencing emotional and academic stress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ziba Mohammad Ali Beigi (Author); Sara Haghighat (Corresponding author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prediction of Decision-Making Styles Based on Early Maladaptive Schemas and Coping Strategies in Male and Female University Students
Purpose: The present study aimed to predict decision-making styles based on early maladaptive schemas and coping strategies among male and female students of the Zand Institute of Higher Education. Methods and Materials: This study employed an applied descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population consisted of all male and female students of the Zand Institute of Higher Education during the study period. Using Cochran’s formula and cluster random sampling, 367 students (285 females and 82 males) were selected as the research sample. Data collection instruments included the Young Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (Young, 1988), the General Decision-Making Styles Questionnaire developed by Scott and Bruce (Scott & Bruce, 1995), and the Endler and Parker Coping Strategies Questionnaire (Endler & Parker, 1990). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, independent samples t-test, and simultaneous multiple regression analysis through IBM SPSS Statistics. Findings The results indicated that the schema domains of disconnection and rejection (β = .198, p = .018), other-directedness (β = .364, p = .001), and impaired limits (β = .252, p = .002) positively predicted spontaneous decision-making style. Disconnection and rejection (β = .420, p = .001), impaired autonomy (β = .189, p = .010), other-directedness (β = .156, p = .003), and impaired limits (β = .384, p = .001) positively predicted avoidant decision-making style. Disconnection and rejection (β = −.312, p = .001), impaired autonomy (β = −.389, p = .001), and other-directedness (β = −.129, p = .021) negatively predicted intuitive decision-making style. Furthermore, problem-focused coping negatively predicted spontaneous and dependent decision-making styles, whereas emotion-focused and avoidant coping positively predicted maladaptive decision-making styles. Problem-focused coping positively predicted intuitive and rational decision-making styles. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that early maladaptive schemas and coping strategies play a significant role in explaining adaptive and maladaptive decision-making styles among university students. Maladaptive schemas and ineffective coping strategies were associated with avoidant, dependent, and spontaneous decision-making patterns, whereas problem-focused coping was associated with more adaptive decision-making styles.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatemeh Rahimian (Corresponding author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Structural Model of Identity Instability Based on Object Relations and Childhood Trauma with the Mediating Role of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation in Adolescents with Self-Harming Behaviors
Purpose: This study aimed to determine the fit of a structural model of identity instability based on object relations and childhood trauma, with the mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation in adolescents with self-harming behaviors. Methods and Materials: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population in this study consisted of all male and female high school students with self-harming behaviors from public schools in Gonbad-e Kavus during the 2024-25 academic year. A non-random, purposive sampling method was used, and 310 students were selected as the sample size. Data were collected using the Identity Instability Scale (Lechner, 2023), the Object Relations Inventory (Bell et al., 1986), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Bernstein et al., 2003), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (Bjureberg et al., 2016). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 18, with Pearson’s correlation test and structural equation modeling using partial least squares. The mediating role was tested using the bootstrap method. Findings: The results showed that the experimental model had an acceptable and good fit, and the overall model was confirmed (p< 0.05). Object relations had a direct effect on identity instability in adolescents with self-harming behaviors at 0.152 (p<0.05). Childhood trauma had a direct effect on psychological pain in adolescents with self-harming behaviors at 0.263 (p<0.05). Object relations had a direct effect on difficulties in emotion regulation in adolescents with self-harming behaviors at 0.543 (p<0.05). Childhood trauma had a direct effect on difficulties in emotion regulation in adolescents with self-harming behaviors at 0.210 (p < 0.05). Object relations influenced identity instability with the mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation in adolescents with self-harming behaviors in an indirect manner (p < 0.05). Childhood trauma influenced identity instability with the mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation in adolescents with self-harming behaviors in an indirect manner (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, the findings indicate that identity instability in adolescents with self-harming behaviors is the result of a multilayered interaction between early experiences and the characteristics of object relations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatemeh Zhinous Malekzadeh (Author); Mohammad Mohammadipour (Corresponding author); Mahmoud Jajarmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Death Anxiety and Trauma Avoidance in Women with Breast Cancer
Purpose: The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing death anxiety and trauma avoidance among women with breast cancer. Methods and Materials: The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group. The statistical population consisted of all women with breast cancer referred to a comprehensive cancer center in 2025, from which 20 participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (10 participants in each group). Data were collected using the Collett–Lester Death Anxiety Scale and the Trauma Avoidance Questionnaire. The experimental group received an eight-session cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention, while the control group received no psychological treatment. The intervention included cognitive restructuring, relaxation training, emotional awareness, and behavioral techniques aimed at reducing maladaptive coping patterns. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) to examine the effect of the intervention while controlling for pretest scores. Findings: The results of multivariate analysis of covariance indicated a significant overall effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the combined dependent variables (p ≤ 0.01). Univariate analyses revealed that, after controlling for pretest scores, there were significant differences between the experimental and control groups in both death anxiety (F = 14.971, p = 0.001, η² = 0.416) and trauma avoidance (F = 6.914, p = 0.016, η² = 0.257), indicating that the intervention significantly reduced these variables in the experimental group. Conclusion: The findings suggest that cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective intervention for reducing death anxiety and trauma avoidance in women with breast cancer.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mona Maghhoori (Author); Hosseinali Ghanadzadegan (Corresponding author); Alireza Chamani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparing the Effectiveness of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Pain Severity and Alexithymia in Women with Fibromyalgia
Purpose: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on pain severity and alexithymia in women diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Methods and Materials: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest and follow-up structure including a control group. The statistical population consisted of women diagnosed with fibromyalgia who attended the rheumatology clinic of Sina Hospital in Tehran between August and October 2025. From this population, 45 participants were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (n = 15), Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (n = 15), and control (n = 15). The experimental groups received eight weekly intervention sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Data collection instruments included the McGill Pain Questionnaire and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc tests in IBM SPSS Statistics version 21. Findings: The results of multivariate analysis of variance indicated significant differences among the study groups in all dimensions of alexithymia and pain severity at the posttest stage (p < .001). Significant effects were observed for difficulty identifying feelings, F = 181.32, difficulty describing feelings, F = 184.71, externally oriented thinking, F = 49.02, affective pain perception, F = 120.88, sensory pain perception, F = 63.81, evaluative pain perception, F = 44.82, and total pain severity, F = 40.45. Bonferroni post hoc comparisons demonstrated that both MBSR and CBT significantly reduced alexithymia and pain severity compared with the control group (p < .001). Moreover, the MBSR group showed significantly greater reductions in total pain severity and emotional dysfunction compared with the CBT group. Conclusion: Both Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy were effective in reducing pain severity and alexithymia among women with fibromyalgia. However, the mindfulness-based intervention demonstrated greater effectiveness in improving emotional regulation and reducing pain-related symptoms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rezvaneh Aziminia (Author); Mehran Azadi (Corresponding author); Mastooreh Sedaghat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparing the Effectiveness of Dialectical Parenting and Mindful Parenting Training on the Parenting Adaptability of Mothers of Primary School Children in Shiraz
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of dialectical parenting training and mindful parenting training on the parenting adaptability of mothers of primary school children in Shiraz. Methods and Materials: The research design was quasi-experimental with a pretest, posttest, and 60-day follow-up with a control group. It was conducted to compare the effectiveness of dialectical parenting training and mindful parenting training on the parenting adaptability of mothers of primary school children. The statistical population included all mothers of 6- to 10-year-old children studying in primary school during the 2025-2026 academic year, who had above-average anxiety scores on the Parenting Anxiety Questionnaire (Ataabadi et al., 2021). The sample of this study was selected using convenience sampling from mothers of 8- to 10-year-old children who exhibited symptoms of parenting anxiety based on the questionnaire. For sampling, after obtaining permission from the university and making necessary coordination with counseling centers, 60 mothers were selected via convenience sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly assigned into two experimental groups and one control group (20 individuals per group). The first experimental group received dialectical parenting training, the second experimental group received mindful parenting training, and the third group received no training. The research instrument was the Adaptability Questionnaire (Yousefi et al., 2011). Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test) using SPSS-26 software. Findings: The results showed that there is no significant difference between the effectiveness of the dialectical parenting intervention and mindful parenting on the adaptability of primary school children in Shiraz (p>.05). Conclusion: Based on the analysis of the findings of the present study, parenting methods can help improve psychological constructs among mothers of primary school children. In this regard, dialectical parenting training and mindful parenting training were equally effective on the aforementioned variables.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sardar Mohebi (Author); Hajar Torkan (Corresponding author); Mansoureh Bahramipour Isfahani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparison of the Effectiveness of God-Oriented Spiritual Therapy and Supportive Psychotherapy on Hostility, Blood Pressure, and Treatment Adherence in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Purpose: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of God-oriented spiritual therapy and supportive psychotherapy on hostility, blood pressure, and treatment adherence among patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. Methods and Materials: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with pretest, posttest, and follow-up assessments including a control group. The statistical population consisted of all patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome who attended healthcare centers in Tehran in 2025. A total of 45 participants were randomly assigned to three groups: spiritual therapy (12 sessions), supportive psychotherapy (10 sessions), and a control group. Research instruments included the Redford–Williams Hostility Inventory, the Treatment Adherence Questionnaire, and measurements of systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The spiritual therapy group received the Khodasoo multidimensional spiritual treatment package (12 sessions), the supportive psychotherapy group participated in ten sessions of supportive therapy, and the control group received no intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Findings: Results indicated that both spiritual therapy and supportive psychotherapy significantly reduced hostility, improved treatment adherence, and decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared with the control group at posttest and follow-up stages (p < .001). No significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of spiritual therapy and supportive psychotherapy across most indicators; however, spiritual therapy demonstrated greater effectiveness in certain outcomes, such as diastolic blood pressure (p < .05). Conclusion: The findings suggest that both psychotherapeutic approaches can serve as effective interventions for improving psychological and physiological indicators associated with metabolic syndrome. God-oriented spiritual therapy may offer a relative advantage in specific dimensions. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the developed educational package appears suitable for promoting effective co-parenting.
Copyright (c) 2025 Morteza Ansari Shahidi (Author); Sheida Jabalameli (Corresponding author); Mojtaba Ansari Shahidi , Ahmad Sobhani , Seyed Rouhollah Mousavizadeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Anger Management Training on Aggression and Social Adjustment of Working Children in Sari City
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of anger management training on reducing aggression and improving social adjustment among working children in Sari City. Methods and Materials: This applied study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest structure and a control group. The statistical population consisted of working children supported by the Behesht-e Koodakan Institute under the supervision of the Sari Welfare Organization. Thirty children aged 12–15 years were selected using convenience sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). The experimental group participated in a cognitive–behavioral anger management training program conducted in 12 weekly sessions lasting 90 minutes each, while the control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the California Social Adjustment Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was conducted using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate ANCOVA in SPSS version 27 after verifying statistical assumptions. Findings: Results of multivariate analysis of covariance indicated a statistically significant effect of anger management training on the combined dependent variables. Univariate analyses demonstrated significant differences between the experimental and control groups in aggression and social adjustment at posttest after controlling for pretest scores (p < .05). The intervention produced a substantial reduction in aggression levels and a significant increase in social adjustment scores in the experimental group compared with the control group. Effect size indices indicated that a considerable proportion of variance in aggression and social adjustment outcomes was attributable to participation in the anger management training program. Conclusion: The findings suggest that cognitive–behavioral anger management training is an effective psychological intervention for reducing aggressive behaviors and enhancing social adjustment among working children.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elnaz Amirnezhad (Author); Shaban Heydari (Corresponding author); Hassan Eshaghi Gorji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Development of a Mentalization-Based Co-Parenting Package: A Qualitative Study
Purpose: This study aimed to develop a mentalization-based co-parenting intervention package. The research was conducted through three consecutive studies. The objective of the first study was to identify parenting challenges and conflicts following divorce. Methods and Materials: The research population consisted of this qualitative study divorced parents, from whom 13 participants were purposively selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria; participant number was determined according to the principle of data saturation. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis based on the approach of Braun and Clarke (2006). Findings: Four primary challenges were identified: (1) traumatic redefinition of the family structure after divorce by both parents, (2) parental neglect and lack of trust in the other parent’s parenting competence, (3) mutual revenge-seeking behaviors, and (4) the child as the hidden victim. The second part aimed to extract co-parenting concepts grounded in mentalization theory. The research setting included all scholarly texts related to mentalization, from which six texts were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research tool consisted of line-by-line textual analysis. Qualitative data were analyzed using the content analysis method proposed by Hsieh and Shannon (2005). Findings indicated that the principal concepts included: (1) reflective functioning, with subcomponents involving understanding one’s own and others’ psychological states; (2) mentalization outcomes, including identity formation support and enhancement of self-regulation; (3) psychopathology, encompassing impaired mentalization and weakness or absence of mentalization foundations; (4) mentalization goals, including the development of coherent self-representation and the creation of psychological security through support seeking and empathy; and (5) therapeutic strategies and techniques, including balanced brain training and skills training. During this process, two sets of themes were systematically integrated so that post-divorce parenting challenges could be reduced through the application of mentalization techniques among parents. Conclusion: Based on these findings, the developed educational package appears suitable for promoting effective co-parenting.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra Rabiee (Author); Zahra Yousefi (Corresponding author); Mansoureh Bahramipourisfahani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Client-Centered Counseling on Elementary Students’ Self-Regulated Linguistic Ability
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a client-centered counseling intervention in improving self-regulated linguistic ability among elementary school students. Methods and Materials: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest–follow-up structure and a control group. The sample consisted of 60 elementary students aged 9–11 years from Kermanshah, Iran, who were selected through convenience sampling and assigned to experimental and control groups using matched-pair randomization. The experimental group participated in 12 weekly sessions of client-centered counseling based on Rogerian principles, while the control group continued regular classroom activities. Data were collected using the Self-Regulated Linguistic Ability Scale (SRLAS), an observational checklist of linguistic behaviors, language sample analysis (including mean length of utterance, lexical diversity, and self-corrections), and teacher ratings of academic language performance. Data were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA and MANOVA to examine group, time, and interaction effects, along with effect size calculations and post hoc comparisons. Findings: The results revealed significant group × time interaction effects for overall self-regulated linguistic ability and all subcomponents, with large effect sizes (η² ranging from 0.22 to 0.42). The experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvements from pretest to posttest (p < .001) and maintained these gains at follow-up, whereas the control group showed no significant changes. Posttest comparisons indicated significant differences between groups in favor of the experimental condition (p < .001, Cohen’s d > 1.00). Additionally, multivariate analyses confirmed significant improvements in linguistic performance indicators, including mean length of utterance, lexical diversity, and frequency of self-corrections. Conclusion: The findings indicate that client-centered counseling is a highly effective intervention for enhancing self-regulated linguistic ability in elementary students, promoting both metacognitive and behavioral aspects of language use, with sustained effects over time.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Seidi (Corresponding author); Hosna Nazari, Hediyeh Ardeshiri, Soheil Esmaeili , Sara Karimi, Hasti Bijanpoor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Structural Model of the Relationship Between Social Media Addiction in Students Based on Behavioral Brain Systems: The Mediating Role of Chronotype
Purpose: The present study aimed to examine a structural model of social media addiction based on behavioral brain systems, with the mediating role of chronotype among university students. Methods and Materials: The research design was descriptive-correlational using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all students of the Islamic Azad University, Semnan Branch, during the 2023–2024 academic year. From this population, 326 participants were selected through convenience sampling. The research instruments included the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scales developed by Charles S. Carver and Teri L. White, the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) by Jim Horne and Olov Östberg, and the Social Media Addiction Questionnaire developed by Khajehahmadi et al. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS-25 and Amos software. Findings: The results indicated that social media addiction was positively associated with both the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS), and negatively and significantly associated with morning chronotype. Structural equation modeling findings confirmed that the Behavioral Activation System had both a direct and an indirect effect—through a decrease in morningness score (i.e., a tendency toward eveningness)—on increasing social media addiction. However, the mediating role of chronotype in the relationship between the Behavioral Inhibition System and addiction was not supported. Conclusion: The findings suggest that chronotype, as a physiological substrate, facilitates the pathway through which neural sensitivities—particularly the reward system—are translated into addictive behaviors. Accordingly, therapeutic and preventive interventions in the domain of emerging addictions should, in addition to psychological factors, focus on the regulation of circadian rhythms and the modification of students’ temporal lifestyle patterns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sajedeh Ali Mirzaei (Author); Mojtaba Rajabpour (Corresponding author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Pain Anxiety and Self-Compassion in Patients with Breast Cancer in the City of Sari
Purpose: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on pain anxiety and self-compassion in patients with breast cancer in the city of Sari. Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental using a pretest–posttest design with a control group and a three-month follow-up. The statistical population included all women with breast cancer who referred to the Comprehensive Oncology Centers of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari in 2025. From this population, 45 individuals were selected through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (15 participants in each group). MBCT and ACT sessions were delivered individually in eight 90-minute sessions, once per week. Participants completed the Pain Anxiety Questionnaire developed by McCracken and Dhingra (2002) and the Self-Compassion Scale by Shahabi et al. (2020) during the pretest, posttest, and follow-up stages. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Findings: The results showed that both MBCT and ACT, compared to the control group, led to improvements in pain anxiety and self-compassion in patients with breast cancer, and this effect remained stable at follow-up (p < .001). However, MBCT was more effective than ACT in significantly increasing self-compassion. In contrast, the difference between the two therapeutic approaches in reducing pain anxiety was not significant (p > .05). Conclusion: According to the findings, MBCT is an effective method for improving self-compassion. However, the effectiveness of the two therapies on pain anxiety was similar. Therefore, these treatments can be considered complementary interventions alongside pharmacological approaches to improve the psychological well-being of these patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zahra Nouri Talavaki (Author); Mohammad Kazem Fakhri (Corresponding author); Ramzan Hasanzadeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Designing an Excellence-Oriented Foresight Model of Positive Psychology Dimensions for Enhancing Students’ Academic Progress and Academic Buoyancy
Purpose: The present study aimed to design a future-oriented excellence model based on positive psychology dimensions to explain and enhance students’ academic buoyancy and academic progress toward the 1414 national educational horizon. Methods and Materials: This study employed an applied mixed-methods exploratory sequential design grounded in a futures studies approach. The research population consisted of educational experts, policymakers, academic staff, educational psychologists, school administrators, and foresight specialists in Kurdistan Province. Purposeful sampling was conducted in two stages. First, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 23 experts until theoretical saturation was achieved. Subsequently, a 10-member strategic panel was formed to conduct structural analysis. Data collection instruments included a semi-structured interview protocol and a structured MICMAC questionnaire. Qualitative data were analyzed using systematic thematic analysis, resulting in the extraction of base, organizing, and overarching themes. Structural interactions among identified variables were examined using MICMAC software to calculate influence–dependence relationships, matrix stability, and system dynamics. Scenario development was conducted using a 2×2 scenario matrix combined with conceptual synthesis to construct the final excellence-oriented model. Findings: Structural analysis of the 11×11 interaction matrix indicated a system characterized by high interdependency and dynamic instability, reflecting complex interactions among psychological, pedagogical, technological, and governance factors. The matrix demonstrated 33.79% density with optimized stability after two rotations, confirming the robustness of expert judgments. Key driving variables included motivational–supportive learning ecosystems, transformative learning-centered assessment, and active deep pedagogy, which exerted strong direct influence on learner agency and technology-enhanced learning. Bidirectional variables such as teacher professional transformation, smart technology integration, and future-oriented educational governance showed both high influence and dependency. Dependent variables included innovative educational ecosystems, holistic learning systems, flexible differentiated learning, and self-directed learner development. Results indicated that systemic improvement in assessment practices and supportive learning environments functions as the principal leverage mechanism for strengthening academic buoyancy and long-term academic progress. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that academic buoyancy cannot be improved through isolated psychological interventions but requires an integrated excellence framework combining positive psychology capacities, adaptive pedagogy, technological learning environments, collaborative educational networks, and future-oriented governance. The proposed foresight-based model provides a systemic roadmap for educational transformation by aligning individual psychological strengths with institutional innovation and policy development, thereby enabling sustainable enhancement of students’ academic vitality and achievement in future educational systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Talat Ahmadi (Author); Yahya Yarahmadi (Corresponding author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparative Effectiveness of Brain Hemisphere Training and Neurofeedback Therapy on Creativity in Students with Academic Underachievement
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of brain hemisphere training and neurofeedback therapy on creativity among second-grade elementary students with academic underachievement in Isfahan. Methods and Materials: This study was applied in terms of purpose and employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population consisted of second-grade elementary students in Isfahan. In the first stage, purposive sampling was used. Initially, six elementary schools were randomly selected from among the schools in Isfahan, and then all students with academic underachievement in these schools were identified as the sample. Subsequently, 45 students who scored above the cutoff point (0.25) on the creativity test were selected and randomly assigned to three groups of 15 participants each. For the first and second experimental groups, neurofeedback therapy and brain hemisphere training were administered, respectively, while the control group received no intervention. After the training sessions, all three groups were reassessed using the creativity test. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance method via SPSS-26 software. Findings: The statistical results indicated that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the image completion subscale in the brain hemisphere training group and the neurofeedback group. Additionally, there was a significant difference between the brain hemisphere training group and the control group, whereas no significant difference was found between the neurofeedback group and the control group. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that brain hemisphere training improves students’ creativity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farahnaz Tavakoli (Author); Zabih Pirani (Corresponding author); Firouzeh Zanganeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Mediating Role of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction in the Relationship Between Metacognitive Beliefs and Learning Motivation in Adolescents
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and learning motivation among adolescents. Methods and Materials: This study employed a descriptive-correlational design using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all high school students in Shiraz during the 2025–2026 academic year. A total of 321 students were selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling. Data were collected using the Metacognitive Beliefs Questionnaire, the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale, and the Learning Motivation Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficients, path analysis, Maximum Likelihood estimation, and bootstrapping with 5,000 samples were conducted using SPSS-26 and AMOS-24 software. The proposed model examined the direct and indirect relationships among positive and negative metacognitive beliefs, autonomy, competence, relatedness, and learning motivation. Findings: The findings indicated that the proposed model demonstrated an acceptable fit with the data. Negative metacognitive beliefs had significant negative effects on autonomy, competence, and relatedness, whereas positive metacognitive beliefs significantly predicted autonomy and relatedness. Autonomy and relatedness significantly predicted learning motivation, but competence did not show a significant direct effect on motivation. Bootstrapping analyses revealed that autonomy and relatedness significantly mediated the relationship between negative metacognitive beliefs and learning motivation. Specifically, increases in negative metacognitive beliefs were associated with lower autonomy and relatedness, which subsequently reduced learning motivation. However, competence did not mediate the relationship between negative metacognitive beliefs and learning motivation. Furthermore, none of the indirect paths associated with positive metacognitive beliefs were statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings suggest that maladaptive metacognitive beliefs undermine adolescents’ learning motivation primarily through the frustration of autonomy and relatedness needs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sara Taravian (Author); Ali Taghvaei Nia (Corresponding author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparison of Somatization, Somatoform Dissociation, Anxiety Sensitivity, Psychological Pain, and Self-Care Behaviors in Patients With and Without Dental Anxiety
Purpose: The present study aimed to compare somatization, somatoform dissociation, anxiety sensitivity, psychological pain, and self-care behaviors in patients with and without dental anxiety. Methods and Materials: The present study employed a causal-comparative design. The statistical population consisted of patients attending private dental clinics in Ramsar in 2025. A total of 60 individuals, including 30 patients with dental anxiety and 30 patients without dental anxiety, were selected through purposive sampling. Data collection instruments included the Dental Anxiety Inventory (DAI; Stouthard et al., 1993), Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15; Kroenke et al., 2002), Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire-20 (SDQ-20; Nijenhuis et al., 1996), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; Taylor & Cox, 1998), Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Questionnaire (OMMP; Orbach et al., 2003), and Self-Care Questionnaire (SCQ; Lowe & Owen, 1996). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with SPSS-24 software. Findings: The results of multivariate analysis of variance demonstrated significant differences between patients with and without dental anxiety in somatization, somatoform dissociation, anxiety sensitivity, psychological pain, and self-care behaviors (P < 0.001). Patients with dental anxiety showed significantly higher levels of somatization, somatoform dissociation, anxiety sensitivity, fear of cardiovascular-gastrointestinal symptoms, fear of respiratory symptoms, fear of publicly observable anxiety reactions, fear of cognitive dyscontrol, and psychological pain compared to patients without dental anxiety. In contrast, self-care behaviors were significantly lower among patients with dental anxiety. Conclusion: The findings suggest that dental anxiety is associated with heightened bodily symptom expression, dissociative bodily experiences, fear of anxiety-related sensations, and increased psychological pain, while simultaneously reducing adaptive self-care behaviors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Milad Sabzeh Ara Langaroudi, Roksana Davari (Author); Maryam Hosseinzadeh (Corresponding author); Simin Elmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Comparison of the Effectiveness of Spiritual Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Social Anxiety in Older Adults with Cardiovascular Disease
Purpose: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of spiritual therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on social anxiety in older adults with cardiovascular disease. Methods and Materials: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest–follow-up structure including two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population consisted of older adults aged 65 years and above with cardiovascular disease who were referred to Imam Jafar Sadiq Super-Specialty Hospital in 2021. Using multistage sampling, 45 participants were selected and randomly assigned to spiritual therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), and control groups (15 participants in each group). Data were collected using the Social Anxiety Questionnaire developed by Jerabek (1996). The spiritual therapy intervention was based on the protocol by Boalhari et al. (2012), and the MBCT intervention followed Segal et al. (2009), each delivered in eight 90-minute group sessions. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) in SPSS version 27. Findings: The results indicated that the main effect of group on social anxiety components was significant (p < .05), demonstrating differences among the three groups. The within-group effect across time (pretest, posttest, and follow-up) was also significant (p < .05), indicating changes in social anxiety over time. Bonferroni post hoc tests revealed significant differences between pretest and posttest, and between pretest and follow-up in the experimental groups (p < .05), while no significant difference was found between posttest and follow-up (p > .05), indicating stability of treatment effects. The interaction effect of time and group was significant (p < .05), showing differential changes across groups over time. However, no significant difference was found between the spiritual therapy and MBCT groups in overall effectiveness (p > .05). Conclusion: Both spiritual therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy are effective interventions for reducing social anxiety in older adults with cardiovascular disease, and their effects are maintained over time; however, neither approach demonstrates superiority over the other.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hengameh Sadat Mousavi (Author); Pegah Farokhzad (Corresponding author); Fariba Nabavi Aleagha (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of a Period of Basic Football Skills Training on Perceived Competence and Physical Abilities of Beginner Football Learners in Iraq: The Moderating Role of Age
Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of a period of basic football skills training on perceived competence and physical abilities among boys aged 9 to 12 years. Methods and Materials: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest–posttest design and a control group. The statistical population consisted of elementary school boys and football school trainees in Maysan City, Iraq. From this population, 60 participants were purposefully selected and assigned to four groups: three experimental groups aged 9–10, 10–11, and 11–12 years (each consisting of 15 participants) who participated in the training protocol, and one control group (15 participants) who received no intervention. The mean age of the control group was 10.6 years, which was approximately in the middle of the experimental age range. The training protocol lasted eight weeks with three sessions per week and focused on basic football skills, including dribbling, passing, shooting, coordination, and small-sided games. The research instruments included the Perceived Physical Competence Scale for Children and a set of standardized physical fitness tests such as the Yo-Yo test, Sargent jump test, Illinois agility test, 20-meter sprint, and sit-and-reach test. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc tests. Findings: The results showed that basic football skills training had a significant effect on perceived competence (F = 15.61, p < .001, η² = .31) and physical abilities (F = 18.92, p < .001, η² = .35). Moreover, the interaction effects indicated a moderating role of age, as children aged 11 to 12 demonstrated the greatest improvement compared to younger groups, while the control group exhibited minimal changes from the pretest. Conclusion: These results underscore the importance of designing and implementing structured sports programs in schools and extracurricular contexts and can serve as an effective model for the holistic development of children during the critical ages of 9 to 12 years.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mokdad Bashir Hussein Alsarki, Zahra Serjuei, Mohammed Hussein Hameedi Alsarkhi, Hamid Zahedi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effectiveness of Metacognitive Therapy on Anxiety Sensitivity, Psychological Distress, and Pain Indicators in Female Students with Premenstrual Syndrome
Purpose: The present study aims to investigating the effectiveness of Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) on anxiety sensitivity, psychological distress, and pain indicators in individuals with PMS. Methods and Materials: This semi-experimental study employed a pretest-posttest design with a control group and a two-month follow-up. The statistical population consisted of all female students diagnosed with PMS at Islamic Azad University of Kermanshah in 2024-2025. Thirty participants were selected using convenience sampling based on Fleiss’s formula and randomly assigned to two equal groups. The experimental group received ten weekly sessions of Metacognitive Therapy, each lasting 90 minutes. Data collection tools included the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (Steiner et al.), the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS; Lovibond & Lovibond), the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI; Floyd et al.), the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (McCracken et al.). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS-26. Findings: The findings revealed significant reductions in anxiety sensitivity (F=17.75, p=0.005, η²=0.61), pain intensity (F=6.18, p=0.009, η²=0.54), pain acceptance (F=10.70, p=0.014, η²=0.62), and psychological distress (F=43.45, p=0.001, η²=0.60) in the experimental group compared to the control group. These improvements were sustained at the two-month follow-up. Conclusion: Metacognitive Therapy is effective in reducing pain indicators, anxiety sensitivity, and psychological distress in individuals with Premenstrual Syndrome. This treatment plan may be recommended as a beneficial therapeutic approach for trauma and pain clinics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahra Solgi (Corresponding author); Alireza Merati, Parisa Yaseminejad, Zahra Naderinobandegani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prediction of Parenting Styles Based on Childhood Trauma and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Married University Students
Purpose: The aim of the present study was to predict parenting styles based on childhood trauma and early maladaptive schemas in married university students. This study was conducted to contribute to the promotion of healthy parent–child relationships and to improve the overall well-being of married students and their children. Methods and Materials: In terms of purpose, this research was applied, and in terms of method, it was a descriptive–correlational study with a predictive approach. The statistical population consisted of all married students of the Islamic Azad University, Roudehen Branch in the second semester of the 2023–2024 academic year (approximately 1500 individuals), from whom 270 participants were selected through convenience and voluntary sampling. The research instruments included the Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and the Young Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (Short Form). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple linear regression analysis in SPSS version 25. Findings: In the analysis of 270 married students, correlational results indicated that childhood trauma had a negative relationship with permissive parenting style (r = −0.44, p < 0.01) and authoritative parenting style (r = −0.33, p < 0.01), and a strong positive relationship with authoritarian parenting style (r = 0.77, p < 0.01). Furthermore, most domains of early maladaptive schemas showed significant relationships with parenting styles, including disconnection and rejection (r = −0.47 to −0.61) and over-vigilance/inhibition (r = −0.62 to 0.66). Linear regression results also showed that childhood trauma predicted only authoritative parenting style (β = −0.20, p < 0.01) and authoritarian parenting style (β = 0.536, p < 0.001). Among schema domains, disconnection and rejection (β = −0.36, p < 0.001) and over-vigilance/inhibition (β = −0.49, p < 0.001) predicted permissive parenting style. Additionally, four main domains—disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, impaired limits, and over-vigilance/inhibition—predicted a decrease in authoritative parenting style (β = −0.23 to −0.44). Moreover, impaired autonomy and performance (β = 0.18), impaired limits (β = 0.53), other-directedness (β = 0.15), and over-vigilance/inhibition (β = 0.25) predicted an increase in authoritarian parenting style. The largest effect size was related to the role of impaired limits in predicting authoritarian parenting style (η² = 0.28). Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that adverse childhood experiences and the development of early maladaptive schemas can play a significant role in shaping parenting patterns in adulthood. Paying attention to these factors in educational programs and psychological interventions can contribute to improving parenting styles, enhancing parent–child relationships, and increasing the psychological well-being of families.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elham Izadi (Corresponding author); Reza Khakpour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigating the Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Negative Perfectionism and Obsessive Thoughts in a Group of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Purpose: This study aimed to examine how schema therapy can help reduce negative perfectionism and obsessive thoughts in a group of individuals diagnosed with OCD. Methods and Materials: The current study was a quasi-experimental research project that involved a pre-test, post-test, and a follow-up phase lasting three months, with both control and experimental groups. The study focused on clients with a history of obsessive-compulsive disorder who sought treatment at psychology clinics in Tehran during the summer and fall of 2023. The sample size consisted of 32 individuals selected through purposive sampling methods. The educational program consisted of seven sessions lasting 90 minutes each, held twice a week at the research location. The research utilized the Positive and Negative Perfectionism Scale (PANPS) and the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) to measure outcomes. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 27 software, employing descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation), repeated measures ANCOVA, and Bonferroni and Kruskal-Wallis H post hoc tests at a P-value of 0.05. Findings: Based on the research results, the P-value for Between-Subjects Effects showed significance between the experimental and control groups when analyzing negative perfectionism and checking variables (p<0.001). Additionally, the P-value for Between-Subjects Effects was significant between the experimental and control groups for the slowness variable (p=0.024). Similarly, the P-value for Between-Subjects Effects indicated significance between the experimental and control groups for the doubting variable (p=0.032). However, the P-value for Between-Subjects Effects did not show significance between the experimental and control groups for the cleaning variable (p=0.135). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that schema therapy is a beneficial method for decreasing negative perfectionism and assisting individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder. This research can aid therapists and psychologists in enhancing treatment strategies for those with the disorder.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahnoosh Mokhber, Seyedeh Marzieh Tahaei, Marziyeh Kavousi Sarjoo, Mahdeseh Yarhosseini (Author); Nasrin Moghadasan Neyshabouri (Corresponding author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Core Stability Exercises Combined with Abdominal Hollowing on Postural Control Indices and Kinematic Alignment of the Lower-Limb Kinetic Chain in Female Swimmers with Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of core stability exercises combined with abdominal hollowing on postural control indices and kinematic alignment of the lower-limb kinetic chain in female swimmers with chronic nonspecific low back pain. Methods and Materials: The present study was conducted using a quasi-experimental interventional design with a pre-test and post-test approach. The statistical population included female swimmers aged 18 to 35 years participating in the Isfahan Provincial League who suffered from chronic nonspecific low back pain. Based on G*Power analysis and considering possible attrition, 25 participants were selected purposively and voluntarily. The intervention consisted of an eight-week combined core stability and abdominal hollowing training program performed three sessions per week. Data collection included assessment of pain intensity using the Visual Analog Scale, lumbar proprioception using joint position error measurement, functional disability using the Oswestry Disability Index, muscle length indices, postural alignment variables, center-of-pressure stability parameters, and dynamic balance using the Y Balance Test. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, repeated-measures ANOVA, and paired-samples t-tests in SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05. Findings: The findings demonstrated significant improvements in all major study variables following the intervention protocol. Pain intensity decreased significantly (F=87.63, p=0.001), lumbar proprioception error was reduced (F=69.42, p=0.001), and functional disability scores improved significantly (F=92.85, p=0.001). Significant improvements were also observed in hamstring flexibility, hip flexor length, lumbar lordosis angle, pelvic tilt, knee valgus angle, rearfoot angle, and navicular drop (p=0.001). In addition, center-of-pressure velocity, ellipse area, and directional sway parameters decreased significantly, indicating improved static postural control, while Y Balance Test scores increased significantly (F=88.94, p=0.001), reflecting enhanced dynamic balance performance. Effect sizes for most variables were large, indicating substantial clinical and biomechanical adaptations. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that core stability exercises combined with abdominal hollowing are effective in improving postural control, proprioception, balance, lower-limb kinematic alignment, and functional performance while reducing pain and disability in female swimmers with chronic nonspecific low back pain. The combined intervention appears to enhance neuromuscular control and optimize kinetic-chain biomechanics, making it a practical and effective rehabilitation strategy for athletic populations with chronic low back pain.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elham Esfandiarzadeh (Author); Parastoo Shams Kohan (Corresponding author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Explaining Adolescent Risk Behaviors Based on Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychological Status with the Mediating Role of Moral Competencies: A Comparative Model Study in Girls and Boys
Purpose: The present study investigated the structural relationships between health-related risk behaviors, adverse childhood experiences, and psychological status by examining the mediating role of protective moral competencies. Methods and Materials: This correlational study was conducted using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all upper secondary school students in Semnan County during the final quarter of the 2023–2024 academic year. The sample consisted of 1,084 students selected through cluster sampling. Data were collected using the Adolescent Risk-Taking Questionnaire developed by Alizadeh Mohammadi and Ahmadabadi (Alizadeh Mohammadi & Ahmadabadi, 2008), the Moral Competency Questionnaire developed by Martin and Austin (Martin & Austin, 2010), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire developed by Vanderhart and Vanderlinden (Vanderhart & Vanderlinden, 1999), the NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1985) (neuroticism dimension only), and the Dark Future Scale developed by Zaleski et al. (Zaleski et al., 2017). Findings: The findings indicated that the indicator variables of risk behaviors and protective moral values loaded significantly and consistently onto these latent constructs (t > 1.96). The effect of protective moral values on risk behaviors was negative and significant. The effects of adverse childhood experiences, unfavorable psychological status, and dark future perception on risk behaviors were positive and significant. In addition, the effects of adverse childhood experiences, unfavorable psychological status, and dark future perception on moral values were negative and significant. The indirect effects of adverse childhood experiences, unfavorable psychological status, and dark future perception on risk behaviors through the mediating role of protective moral values were also significant. Conclusion: The findings emphasized the importance of designing and implementing school-based and family-based interventions focused on strengthening protective moral competencies, promoting mental health, and improving adolescents’ attitudes toward the future. Such approaches may serve as preventive strategies for reducing health-related risk behaviors during adolescence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Mohebi (Author); Shahab Moradi (Corresponding author); Nemat Sotoudehasl, Maryam Izadimazidi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Predicting Alcohol Use Based on Parental Perception and Emotion Regulation Difficulties in Youth
Purpose: The present study aimed to predict alcohol use based on parental perception and emotion regulation difficulties in youth. Methods and Materials: This research was correlational in nature. The statistical population consisted of all male youths aged 18 to 25 who visited health houses and cultural centers in regions 7 and 8 of Tehran in the spring of 2025. the sample of 200 individuals was selected through purposive and non-random sampling. Data were collected using the Alcohol Use Questionnaire by Sheikh (2014), the Perceived Parenting Styles Questionnaire by McClun and Merrell (1998), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale by Gratz and Roemer (2004). The data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis with SPSS version 28. Findings: The findings revealed that authoritative parenting explained 21%, authoritarian parenting 36%, permissive parenting 29%, and difficulties in emotion regulation 15% of the variance in alcohol use (p < 0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that a positive perception of parents as emotional supporters and behavioral guides is a fundamental prerequisite for developing emotion regulation skills. Such perceptions enable adolescents to express their emotions in a safe environment without fear of rejection or blame.
Copyright (c) 2026 Setayesh Sadat Marghzari (Corresponding author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Role of Inadequate Self-Control Schema and Coping Styles in Addiction Potential Among Men
Purpose: The present study aimed to investigate the predictive role of inadequate self-control schema and coping styles in the addiction potential of men in Quds City. Methods and Materials: This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in nature. All male individuals aged 20 to 40 residing in Quds County in 2024 constituted the statistical population of this study. A sample size of 254 individuals was selected through convenience sampling. The research tools included the Young Schema Questionnaire (short form, 1998), Lazarus and Folkman's Coping Styles Questionnaire (1985), and the Addiction Potential Scale by Videbucher (1992). Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression tests in SPSS version 26. Findings: The results indicated that inadequate self-control schema and coping styles play a role in predicting men's addiction potential (P < 0.01). There was a significant correlation between inadequate self-control schema and men's addiction potential (P < 0.01). Additionally, the correlation between emotion-focused and problem-focused coping styles and men's addiction potential was significant (P < 0.01). Conclusion: In summary, this study demonstrates that inadequate self-control schemas and coping styles are significant predictors of addiction potential in men. The strong correlations found between these factors and addiction highlight the need for a deeper understanding of how maladaptive schemas and coping strategies contribute to addictive behaviors. These findings suggest that interventions focused on improving self-control and promoting effective coping mechanisms could be essential in mitigating addiction risks among men, paving the way for more targeted and effective prevention strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatemeh Jahangir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Examining the Impact of Moral Intelligence Training on the Social Skills Components of Young Female Elementary School Students
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of moral intelligence training on the social skills components of young female elementary school students in Bandar Abbas City during the 2020–2021 academic year. Methods and Materials: The research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest and control group. Two elementary schools were randomly selected in Bandar Abbas City to form the sample group. All students from these schools completed the Gresham and Elliott Social Skills Rating System (SSRS) questionnaire. From each school, 15 students with the lowest scores on the questionnaire were selected; one school was designated as the experimental group and the other as the control group. The experimental group received moral intelligence training across 11 sessions, each lasting two hours per week. After the intervention, both groups completed the social skills questionnaire again. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Findings: The results demonstrated a significant improvement in the components of social skills—including cooperation, assertiveness, and self-control—among students in the experimental group compared to those in the control group (p < .05). Conclusion: These findings indicate that moral intelligence training is effective in enhancing self-control and other social skill components in children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raziyeh Khadir (Corresponding author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0